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Retail_Trading_Status

Allowed-Regulated Unknown
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2025-06-26 12:46
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Executive Summary

In New Zealand, individual citizens and residents are legally permitted to buy, sell, and hold cryptocurrencies under existing financial laws, overseen primarily by the Financial Markets Authority (FMA), Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ), and the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA). Key requirements for Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs) include compliance with the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 (AML/CFT Act), necessitating KYC/AML procedures. Cryptocurrencies are treated as property for tax purposes, and the FMA issues warnings regarding the speculative nature and high risks associated with crypto investments.

Key Pillars

The regulatory framework in New Zealand is built upon: (1) The Financial Markets Authority (FMA), Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ), and the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) which monitors and provides guidance. (2) Core compliance requirements, particularly the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 (AML/CFT Act), including Customer Due Diligence (KYC), transaction monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities. (3) Registration on the Financial Service Providers Register (FSPR) is generally required for entities offering financial services, including cryptocurrency exchanges, brokers, and wallet providers.

Landmark Laws

Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013 (FMCA): Governs financial products, services, and markets; cryptocurrencies deemed 'financial products' fall under its purview, mandating fair dealing, disclosure, governance, and potential licensing. The FMA has stated that all cryptocurrencies are 'securities.'
Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 (AML/CFT Act): VASPs are considered 'financial institutions' and must comply with KYC/AML obligations, including customer due diligence, transaction monitoring, and reporting suspicious activities. Recent amendments, effective June 1, 2024, clarify AML/CFT standards for virtual asset activities.
Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008 (FSP Act): Requires entities offering financial services, including crypto exchanges, to register on the Financial Service Providers Register (FSPR).

Considerations

  • Legal Classification: Cryptocurrencies are treated as property, not legal tender.
  • Tax Treatment: Profits from selling, trading, or exchanging cryptocurrencies are generally subject to income tax if acquired with the intention of resale. Staking rewards and mining income are also typically considered taxable income. GST generally does not apply to the buying and selling of cryptocurrencies themselves, but may apply if used for business transactions.
  • Risks and Concerns: The FMA emphasizes the high risks associated with crypto investments, citing their speculative nature and price volatility. The RBNZ expresses concerns about the stability of private cryptocurrencies and stablecoins.
  • Operational Challenges: Cryptocurrency exchanges and other VASPs operating in New Zealand are required to implement KYC/AML procedures, involving verification of user identities.

Notes

Historical Context: New Zealand adapts existing financial regulations for cryptocurrencies, allowing for flexibility but potentially evolving the regulatory landscape. The collapse of Cryptopia in 2019 influenced regulators' cautious approach.
Future Plans: The RBNZ is monitoring stablecoins and crypto assets. While widespread regulation wasn't deemed necessary in the past, ongoing assessment and recent AML/CFT amendments suggest a move towards explicit inclusion of virtual assets.
Source Availability: Some URL links may require subscriptions for full access.
Practical Guidance: The FMA advises investors to be prepared to lose all their invested money and to use FSPR registered platforms.

Detailed Explanation

In New Zealand, individual citizens and residents are legally permitted to buy, sell, and hold cryptocurrencies. The regulatory environment applies existing financial laws and regulations to cryptocurrencies, rather than specific, standalone legislation. Key regulatory bodies include the Financial Markets Authority (FMA), the Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ), and the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA). The Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013 (FMCA) governs financial products, services, and markets; if a cryptocurrency or related service is deemed a 'financial product,' it falls under the FMCA's purview, including requirements for fair dealing, disclosure, governance, and potential licensing. The FMA has stated that all cryptocurrencies are 'securities.' The Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 (AML/CFT Act) is crucial for cryptocurrency activities. Businesses providing services related to virtual assets, known as Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs), are generally considered 'financial institutions' under the AML/CFT Act and must comply with its obligations, including KYC, monitoring transactions, and reporting suspicious activities to the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU). The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) is a key supervisor for VASPs under the AML/CFT Act, alongside the FMA. Recent amendments to the AML/CFT Regulations, effective June 1, 2024, clarify that AML/CFT standards apply to financial activities involving virtual assets. The Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008 (FSP Act) generally requires entities offering financial services, including cryptocurrency exchanges, brokers, and wallet providers, to register on the Financial Service Providers Register (FSPR). The FMA takes a strict approach to FSP registration for virtual currency providers soliciting business in New Zealand. The Inland Revenue Department (IRD) treats cryptocurrencies as a form of property for tax purposes, not as legal tender. Profits from selling, trading, or exchanging cryptocurrencies are generally subject to income tax if acquired with the intention of resale. Staking rewards and mining income are also typically considered taxable income. GST generally does not apply to the buying and selling of cryptocurrencies themselves, but may apply if used for business transactions. The FMA actively monitors the cryptocurrency space and has issued guidance and warnings about the high risks associated with crypto investments, advising investors to be prepared to lose all their invested money and to use FSPR registered platforms. The RBNZ monitors their development and potential impact on the financial system. In June 2023, the RBNZ stated that while a specific regulatory approach for crypto-assets wasn't needed at that time, increased vigilance and monitoring were necessary. Cryptocurrency exchanges and other VASPs operating in New Zealand are required to implement KYC/AML procedures. New Zealand's approach has been to adapt existing financial regulations rather than create a bespoke crypto-specific framework. The collapse of the New Zealand-based cryptocurrency exchange Cryptopia in 2019 due to a major security breach highlighted the risks in the sector and influenced the regulators' cautious approach. In summary, retail cryptocurrency trading is allowed in New Zealand but is subject to a range of existing financial regulations, particularly concerning AML/CFT, financial service provision, and taxation.

Summary Points

Retail Cryptocurrency Trading Status in New Zealand (as of 2025-06-26)

Overall Status: Allowed-Regulated

1. Regulatory Bodies and Their Roles

  • Financial Markets Authority (FMA):
    • Oversees financial products, services, and markets, including cryptocurrencies that qualify as "financial products" (e.g., securities).
    • Issues guidance and warnings to consumers about the risks of cryptocurrency investments.
    • Supervises VASPs under the AML/CFT Act, depending on the specific activities.
    • Takes a strict approach to FSP registration for virtual currency providers.
  • Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ):
    • Monitors the development and potential impact of cryptocurrencies on the financial system.
    • Cautious stance on private cryptocurrencies and stablecoins, highlighting concerns about stability.
    • Increased vigilance and monitoring of stablecoins and crypto assets.
  • Department of Internal Affairs (DIA):
    • Key supervisor for Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs) under the AML/CFT Act.
    • Enforces AML/CFT obligations for VASPs.
  • Inland Revenue Department (IRD):
    • Treats cryptocurrencies as property for tax purposes, not as legal tender.
    • Profits from cryptocurrency activities are generally subject to income tax.

2. Key Legislation and Regulations

  • Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013 (FMCA):
    • Governs financial products, services, and markets.
    • Applies to cryptocurrencies or related services (e.g., ICOs) deemed "financial products."
    • Requires fair dealing, disclosure, governance, and potentially licensing.
  • Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 (AML/CFT Act):
    • Crucial for cryptocurrency activities.
    • VASPs are considered "financial institutions" and must comply with AML/CFT obligations.
    • Requires customer due diligence (KYC), transaction monitoring, and reporting suspicious activities.
    • Recent Amendments (Effective June 1, 2024): Clarify that AML/CFT standards apply to financial activities involving virtual assets, including virtual asset-to-virtual asset and virtual asset-to-fiat currency transfers.
  • Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008 (FSP Act):
    • Requires entities offering financial services (including cryptocurrency exchanges, brokers, and wallet providers) to register on the Financial Service Providers Register (FSPR).
    • Registration often requires membership in an independent dispute resolution scheme.

3. Requirements for Compliance

  • KYC/AML Procedures:
    • Cryptocurrency exchanges and other VASPs must implement KYC/AML procedures.
    • Verification of user identities is required to prevent financial crime.
  • FSPR Registration:
    • Many crypto service providers seek FSPR registration to operate legally.
  • Tax Compliance:
    • Detailed record-keeping of all cryptocurrency transactions is essential for tax compliance.
    • Profits from selling, trading, or exchanging cryptocurrencies are generally subject to income tax.
    • Staking rewards and mining income are typically considered taxable income.
  • AML/CFT Compliance:
    • VASPs must comply with the AML/CFT Act, including customer due diligence, transaction monitoring, and reporting suspicious activities.

4. Notable Restrictions or Limitations

  • Technology-Neutral Approach: Existing financial laws apply to cryptocurrencies if they meet the definitions of financial products or services.
  • Consumer Warnings: Regulators consistently issue warnings about the risks of cryptocurrency investments, emphasizing their speculative nature and price volatility.
  • Taxation: Cryptocurrencies are treated as property for tax purposes, not as legal tender.
  • No Specific Crypto Legislation: New Zealand does not have specific, standalone legislation for cryptocurrencies.

5. Recent Developments or Changes

  • AML/CFT Amendment Regulations (Effective June 1, 2024): Further clarify that AML/CFT standards apply to financial activities involving virtual assets, including virtual asset-to-virtual asset and virtual asset-to-fiat currency transfers.
  • RBNZ Monitoring: Increased vigilance and monitoring of stablecoins and crypto assets.

Full Analysis Report

Retail Cryptocurrency Trading Status: New Zealand

Report Date: 2025-06-26

Topic: Retail_Trading_Status

Description: Assess whether individual citizens and residents in the country are legally permitted to buy, sell, and hold cryptocurrencies. Detail the regulatory environment surrounding this activity (e.g., KYC/AML requirements imposed on platforms, general warnings issued).

1. Identified Current Status

Allowed-Regulated

2. Detailed Narrative Explanation

Individual citizens and residents in New Zealand are legally permitted to buy, sell, and hold cryptocurrencies. The regulatory environment is characterized by the application of existing financial laws and regulations, rather than specific, standalone legislation for cryptocurrencies. Key regulatory bodies involved include the Financial Markets Authority (FMA), the Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ), and the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA).

Regulatory Framework:

New Zealand employs a technology-neutral approach to financial regulation. This means that existing financial laws apply to cryptocurrencies if they meet the definitions of financial products or services under these laws. The primary legislation includes:

  • Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013 (FMCA): This Act governs financial products, services, and markets. If a cryptocurrency or a related service (like an Initial Coin Offering - ICO) is deemed a "financial product" (e.g., a security, debt, derivative, or managed investment product), it falls under the FMCA's purview. This includes requirements for fair dealing, disclosure, governance, and potentially licensing for issuers and providers. The FMA has stated that all cryptocurrencies are "securities" and some may be financial products depending on their specific characteristics.
  • Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 (AML/CFT Act): This is a crucial piece of legislation for cryptocurrency activities. Businesses providing services related to virtual assets, known as Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs), are generally considered "financial institutions" under the AML/CFT Act and must comply with its obligations. This includes conducting customer due diligence (Know Your Customer - KYC), monitoring transactions, and reporting suspicious activities to the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU). The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) is a key supervisor for VASPs under the AML/CFT Act, alongside the FMA depending on the specific activities. Recent amendments to the AML/CFT Regulations, effective June 1, 2024, further clarify that AML/CFT standards apply to financial activities involving virtual assets, including virtual asset-to-virtual asset and virtual asset-to-fiat currency transfers.
  • Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008 (FSP Act): Entities offering financial services in New Zealand, which can include cryptocurrency exchanges, brokers, and wallet providers, are generally required to register on the Financial Service Providers Register (FSPR). Registration often requires membership in an independent dispute resolution scheme, offering a pathway for consumer complaints. The FMA takes a strict approach to FSP registration for virtual currency providers soliciting business in New Zealand.
  • Taxation: The Inland Revenue Department (IRD) treats cryptocurrencies as a form of property for tax purposes, not as legal tender. Profits from selling, trading, or exchanging cryptocurrencies are generally subject to income tax if acquired with the intention of resale. Staking rewards and mining income are also typically considered taxable income. GST generally does not apply to the buying and selling of cryptocurrencies themselves, but may apply if used for business transactions. Detailed record-keeping of all transactions is essential for tax compliance.

Regulatory Oversight and Warnings:

The FMA actively monitors the cryptocurrency space and has issued guidance and warnings to consumers about the high risks associated with crypto investments, emphasizing their speculative nature and price volatility. They advise investors to be prepared to lose all their invested money and to use FSPR registered platforms. The FMA also warns about scams and the risks of dealing with unregulated overseas exchanges.

The RBNZ does not directly regulate virtual currencies but monitors their development and potential impact on the financial system. While the RBNZ has explored the possibility of a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), it has expressed a cautious stance on private cryptocurrencies and stablecoins, highlighting concerns about their stability and fundamental properties as money. In June 2023, the RBNZ stated that while a specific regulatory approach for crypto-assets wasn't needed at that time, increased vigilance and monitoring were necessary.

Common Practices:

  • KYC/AML: Cryptocurrency exchanges and other VASPs operating in New Zealand are required to implement KYC/AML procedures. This involves verifying user identities (name, address, etc.) to prevent financial crime.
  • FSPR Registration: Many crypto service providers seek FSPR registration to operate legally and provide services to New Zealand residents.
  • Consumer Warnings: Regulators consistently issue warnings about the risks of cryptocurrency investments.

Historical Context and Nuance:

New Zealand's approach has been to adapt existing financial regulations rather than create a bespoke crypto-specific framework. This allows for flexibility but also means the regulatory landscape can evolve as interpretations of existing laws are applied to new crypto-related products and services. The collapse of the New Zealand-based cryptocurrency exchange Cryptopia in 2019 due to a major security breach highlighted the risks in the sector and likely influenced the regulators' cautious approach.

While the RBNZ has indicated that widespread regulation of the virtual asset industry was not warranted in the past, citing a desire for consistency with international approaches, it also signaled ongoing assessment. The recent 2024 amendments to AML/CFT regulations demonstrate a move towards more explicit inclusion of virtual assets within existing frameworks.

In summary, retail cryptocurrency trading is allowed in New Zealand but is subject to a range of existing financial regulations, particularly concerning AML/CFT, financial service provision, and taxation. Regulatory bodies are actively monitoring the space and providing guidance and warnings to consumers.

3. Specific, Relevant Text Excerpts

  • Financial Markets Authority (FMA) on legality and regulation (2025-05-06): "Crypto is not specifically regulated in New Zealand and international laws and regulations vary widely from country to country. This means that many crypto investments are unlikely to have some of the basic consumer protections you might expect from other financial products." "If you want to buy, sell or trade cryptocurrencies, use platforms or other service providers that are registered on New Zealand's Financial Service Providers Register (FSPR)."
  • Cointelegraph on legality and technology-neutral legislation (2023-09-16): "Yes, buying cryptocurrency is legal in New Zealand. In fact, cryptocurrency is largely accepted in the financial sector owing to the country's technology-neutral legislation." "Because most legislations in New Zealand are technology-neutral, no legislation is specifically dedicated to the regulation of cryptocurrencies in the country. However, tax and contract laws apply."
  • SBSB Fintech Lawyers on legality and applicable laws (undated): "Yes, cryptocurrency in New Zealand is legal and is regulated under the Financial Markets Conduct Act. Crypto businesses must comply with AML and financial service provider (FSP) regulations."
  • Russell McVeagh on the application of existing legislation (2024-08-14): "Virtual currencies and services related to virtual currencies in New Zealand are largely regulated by existing, technology neutral legislation. Given that the rights and functions created in respect of virtual currencies are flexible, each virtual currency or service associated with virtual currencies will be regulated according to its specific properties."
  • Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) on VASPs and AML/CFT (undated): "Under the NZ AML/CFT regime, VASPs may be supervised by either the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) as the primary regulator, or the Financial Markets Authority (FMA). The supervisor is determined based upon the activities a VASP undertakes." "In the New Zealand context, registration of Financial Services Providers is required via the Financial Service Providers Register (FSPR). All VASPs should consider their obligation to register on the FSPR – offering services that come under the Financial Services Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008 without registering may constitute an offence under that Act."
  • Cryptocurrency NZ on KYC requirements (2025): "KYC , otherwise known as Know Your Customer, is the set of procedures and processes NZ cryptocurrency service providers must employ to ensure they comply with NZ AML (Anti-Money-Laundering) regulations. KYC requires all new users to verify their real world identities, which then gets connected to their trading account and activity." "By NZ law, specifically the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009, all NZ financial service providers which classify as a VASP (Virtual Asset Service Provider) are required to comply with New Zealand KYC and AML regulations."
  • Inland Revenue Department (IRD) via Andersen NZ on taxation (2025-05-15): "New Zealand treats cryptoassets as property, not currency, and applies ordinary income tax principles. According to IR, most cryptoasset gains are to be treated as revenue in nature rather than capital. Inland Revenue's current guidance is: 'In most cases, you will pay tax on any profit you make from selling, trading or exchanging cryptoassets, because you acquired them with the intention of selling them.'"
  • Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) via Finance Magnates on regulatory stance (2023-06-30): "The Reserve Bank of New Zealand issued a statement today (Friday) to notify its intention to increase the monitoring of stablecoins and crypto assets. However, the central bank does not believe in bringing regulatory oversight to the industry." "'We agree with the balance of submitters that a regulatory approach isn't needed right now, but increased vigilance is,' Ian Woolford, Director of Money and Cash at the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, said in a statement released today (Friday)."
  • Jones Day via Lexology on AML/CFT Amendment Regulations (2024-07-04): "The AML/CFT Amendment Regulations relating to virtual assets entered into force on the 1st of June 2024." "...a virtual asset-to-virtual asset transfer and a virtual asset-to-fiat currency transfer (or vice-versa) are considered wire transfers under the AML/CFT Act."

4. Direct, Accessible URL Links to Specific Sources

  1. Russell McVeagh - Virtual Currency Regulation | New Zealand (via Lexology, report generated August 14, 2024, content likely earlier): https://www.lexology.com/commentary/virtual-currency/new-zealand/russell-mcveagh/virtual-currency-regulation (Note: Original search result points to a Vertex AI redirect which then leads to Lexology. The direct Lexology link might require subscription for full access, but the initial snippets are informative).
  2. Financial Markets Authority - Cryptocurrencies (Updated 2025-05-06): https://www.fma.govt.nz/investors/ways-to-invest/cryptocurrencies/
  3. SBSB Fintech Lawyers - New Zealand Crypto license Cost and requirement (Undated): https://sb-sb.com/crypto-license/new-zealand/
  4. Cointelegraph - An overview of the cryptocurrency regulations in New Zealand (2023-09-16): https://cointelegraph.com/learn/an-overview-of-the-cryptocurrency-regulations-in-new-zealand
  5. Financial Markets Authority - Crypto asset service providers (Content from 2021-03-15, relevant for understanding FMA's stance on financial products): https://www.fma.govt.nz/business/focus-areas/fair-dealing-and-initial-coin-offers/cryptoasset-service-providers/
  6. MinterEllisonRuddWatts - New Zealand: Crypto-asset regulation (2022-08-31): https://www.minterellison.co.nz/our-view/new-zealand-crypto-asset-regulation
  7. LegalVision - Is Cryptocurrency Legal In New Zealand? (Updated 2025-05-22): https://legalvision.co.nz/q-and-a/is-cryptocurrency-legal-in-new-zealand/
  8. Cryptocurrency NZ - What is KYC? - New Zealand's Ultimate Crypto Guide (2025): https://cryptocurrency.nz/kyc-aml-nz-crypto-regulation/
  9. Gallaway Cook Allan - Regulating the brave new world of Cryptocurrencies (Undated, appears to be older but relevant for historical context): https://www.gallawaycookallan.co.nz/news-and-resources/regulating-the-brave-new-world-of-cryptocurrencies
  10. Andersen NZ - Cryptoasset Taxation in New Zealand: What SMEs Need to Know (2025-05-15): https://www.andersennz.com/post/cryptoasset-taxation-in-new-zealand-what-smes-need-to-know
  11. Lightning Pay - Bitcoin without KYC & AML (Undated, explains AML/CFT obligations): https://lightningpay.nz/bitcoin-without-kyc-aml/
  12. DAD Accountant - A Guide On Tax For Cryptoassets in New Zealand (Undated): https://www.dadaccountant.co.nz/blog/a-guide-on-tax-for-cryptoassets-in-new-zealand
  13. MinterEllisonRuddWatts - FMA publishes cryptocurrency guidance (2017-10-27, historical but important for FMA's early stance): https://www.minterellison.co.nz/our-view/fma-publishes-cryptocurrency-guidance
  14. Bella Consultants - How does the IRD Tax Crypto (Undated): https://www.bellaconsultants.co.nz/post/how-does-the-ird-tax-crypto
  15. Otago Daily Times (citing Gallaway Cook Allan) - FMA moving to clarify the regulatory status of cryptocurrencies (2017-11-16, historical context): https://www.odt.co.nz/business/fma-moving-clarify-regulatory-status-cryptocurrencies
  16. KoinX - Crypto Taxes In New Zealand – Ultimate Tax Guide (2025-01-07): https://koinx.com/blog/crypto-tax-new-zealand/
  17. PILnet - Legal regulation of cryptocurrency and NFTs – New Zealand (Undated, provides overview of applicable laws): https://pilnet.org/resource/legal-regulation-of-cryptocurrency-and-nfts-new-zealand/
  18. Koinly - New Zealand Crypto Tax Guide 2025 (Undated): https://koinly.io/guides/crypto-tax-new-zealand/
  19. Solytics Partners - Comprehensive AML Laws and Regulations: New Zealand (2024-08-16, content likely current as of this date): https://www.solyticspartners.com/comprehensive-aml-laws-and-regulations-new-zealand/
  20. Department of Internal Affairs - Factsheet - Virtual Asset Service Providers (Undated, direct document link from search): https://www.dia.govt.nz/Spam-Prevention-AML-CFT-AML-CFT-Guidance-Material-AML-CFT-Factsheets-AML-CFT-VASP-Factsheet (Note: The direct link provided in search results was to a .docx file. A more general page or PDF might be available on the DIA website). A potentially more stable link or related guidance can be found by searching the DIA website for "Virtual Asset Service Providers".
  21. Binance Square (citing Cryptopolitan) - Reserve Bank of New Zealand Governor Sparks Debate With Comments on Central Banking and Bitcoin (2024-02-14): https://www.binance.com/en/square/post/499096930014
  22. Finance Magnates - New Zealand’s Central Bank Does Not Want Crypto Regulations (2023-06-30): https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/new-zealands-central-bank-does-not-want-crypto-regulations/
  23. Blockchain NZ - BlockchainNZ challenges Reserve Bank's 'oxymoron' stablecoin claim! (2024-02-14): https://blockchain.org.nz/2024/02/14/blockchainnz-challenges-reserve-banks-oxymoron-stablecoin-claim/
  24. Jones Day via Lexology - Virtual Asset Service Providers Are Now Regulated for Anti-Money Laundering in New Zealand (2024-07-04, content likely current as of this date): https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=0f0c6b0f-8b65-4d0c-99a3-535d278b055f (Note: Original search result points to a Vertex AI redirect which then leads to Lexology. The direct Lexology link might require subscription for full access).

Web Sources (20)

Sources discovered via web search grounding

Search queries used (6)
  • retail cryptocurrency trading regulations New Zealand
  • New Zealand crypto KYC/AML requirements
  • Financial Markets Authority New Zealand cryptocurrency guidance
  • Reserve Bank of New Zealand cryptocurrency stance
  • Is cryptocurrency legal in New Zealand for individuals?
  • Taxation of cryptocurrency New Zealand IRD
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